Twenty-six words tucked into a 1996 law overhauling telecommunications have allowed companies like Facebook, Twitter and Google to grow into the giants they are today.

Those are the words President Donald Trump challenged in an executive order Thursday, one that would strip those protections if online platforms engaged in “editorial decisions” — including, in the president’s view, adding a fact-check warning to one of Trump’s tweets.

‘More bluser than action’

But Trump’s order has ignited opposition, including diverse groups such as the Information technology and Innovation Foundation and the US Chambver of Commerce as well as others.

“The executive order is more bluster than action, but that does not mean it should not be taken seriously. Twitter has taken reasonable actions to moderate content on its platform in line with its public terms of service. The president has made clear he disagrees with a recent decision to fact check one of his posts, and in response, he has begun to weaponize federal and state law enforcement and regulatory agencies to retaliate against an American company,” Information Technology and Innovation Foundation Vice President Daniel Castro declared in a statement.

“The executive order is more bluster than action, but that does not mean it should not be taken seriously. Twitter has taken reasonable actions to moderate content on its platform in line with its public terms of service. The president has made clear he disagrees with a recent decision to fact check one of his posts, and in response, he has begun to weaponize federal and state law enforcement and regulatory agencies to retaliate against an American company.

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“Specifically, the order directs federal agencies to ignore judicial precedent and cut online ad spending with certain social media platforms. This is an inappropriate use of the powers of the presidency and opens the door to legitimize similar actions by other political leaders around the world. The long-term impact of such retaliatory policies would be a chilling of free speech online, especially counter-speech, a rise in disinformation, and a decline in innovative social media platforms.

“There are legitimate questions about how to ensure content moderation is fair and reasonable, respond to the threat of disinformation, and strike the right balance with platform liability, however, this should be pursued through a thoughtful and open and democratic forum, such as Congress, not through an ill-conceived executive order provoked by a moment of pique.”

Added the U.S. Chamber of Commerce:

“We believe that free speech and the right to engage in commerce are foundational to the American free enterprise system. Regardless of the circumstances that led up to this, this is not how public policy is made in the United States. An executive order cannot be properly used to change federal law.”

The law

Under the U.S. law, internet companies are generally exempt from liability for the material users post on their networks. Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act — itself part of a broader telecom law — provides a legal “safe harbor” for internet companies.

But Trump and other politicians argue that Twitter, Facebook and other social media platforms have abused that protection and should lose their immunity — or at least have to earn it by satisfying requirements set by the government.

Section 230 probably can’t be easily dismantled. But if it was, the internet as we know it might cease to exist. Here’s a Q&A on the details from The Associated Press:

QUESTION: Just what is Section 230?

If a news site falsely calls you a swindler, you can sue the publisher for libel. But if someone posts that on Facebook, you can’t sue the company — just the person who posted it.

That’s thanks to Section 230, which states that “no provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.”

That legal phrase shields companies that can host trillions of messages from being sued into oblivion by anyone who feels wronged by something someone else has posted — whether their complaint is legitimate or not.

Section 230 also allows social platforms to moderate their services by removing posts that, for instance, are obscene or violate the services’ own standards, so long as they are acting in “good faith.”

QUESTION: Where did Section 230 come from?

The measure’s history dates back to the 1950s, when bookstore owners were being held liable for selling books containing “obscenity,” which is not protected by the First Amendment. One case eventually made it to the Supreme Court, which held that it created a “chilling effect” to hold someone liable for someone else’s content.

That meant plaintiffs had to prove that bookstore owners knew they were selling obscene books, said Jeff Kosseff, the author of “The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet,” a book about Section 230.

Fast-forward a few decades to when the commercial internet was taking off with services like CompuServe and Prodigy. Both offered online forums, but CompuServe chose not to moderate its, while Prodigy, seeking a family-friendly image, did.

CompuServe was sued over that, and the case was dismissed. Prodigy, however, got in trouble. The judge in their case ruled that “they exercised editorial control — so you’re more like a newspaper than a newsstand,” Kosseff said.

That didn’t sit well with politicians, who worried that outcome would discourage newly forming internet companies from moderating at all. And Section 230 was born.

“Today it protects both from liability for user posts as well as liability for any clams for moderating content,” Kosseff said.

QUESTION: What happens if Section 230 is limited or goes away?

ANSWER: “I don’t think any of the social media companies would exist in their current forms without Section 230,” Kosseff said. “They have based their business models on being large platforms for user content.”

There are two possible outcomes. Platforms might get more cautious, as Craigslist did following the 2018 passage of a sex-trafficking law that carved out an exception to Section 230 for material that “promotes or facilitates prostitution.” Craigslist quickly removed its “personals” section altogether, which wasn’t intended to facilitate sex work. But the company didn’t want to take any chances.

This outcome could actually hurt none other than the president himself, who routinely attacks private figures, entertains conspiracy theories and accuses others of crimes.

“If platforms were not immune under the law, then they would not risk the legal liability that could come with hosting Donald Trump’s lies, defamation, and threats,” said Kate Ruane, senior legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union.

Another possibility: Facebook, Twitter and other platforms could abandon moderation altogether and let the lower common denominator prevail.

Such unmonitored services could easily end up dominated by trolls, like 8chan, which is infamous for graphic and extremist content, said Santa Clara University law professor Eric Goldman. Undoing Section 230 would be an “an existential threat to the internet,” he said.

But Goldman doesn’t see the White House order as that kind of threat to the internet, saying it’s “political theater” that will appeal to Trump supporters. “The president can’t override Congress,” he said.